child graphs can interrupt/resume

docs/current_roadmap.md

@@ -52,8 +52,10 @@ implementation state.
   reference conversion helpers. Core can now execute a prepared local child
   workflow through an isolated child scope/lineage, preserve its trace entries,
   map child output through the boundary, and route by the child's terminal
-  outcome. Interrupt bubbling/resume and saved/deployed child resolution remain
-  next. Wrapper helpers currently run child workflows as ordinary nodes; native
+  outcome. Prepared child interrupts now bubble through a typed internal route
+  and resume inside child scope while the public request identifies the parent
+  subgraph boundary. Saved/deployed child resolution remains next. Wrapper
+  helpers currently run child workflows as ordinary nodes; native
   `SubgraphNode` is now the graph-as-node path for prepared children.
 - **Concurrent foreach**: implemented in core with explicit scheduling,
   reducer/merge semantics, item error policy, async handler batching, and
@@ -64,9 +66,9 @@ implementation state.
   `RuntimeScope` / `LineageState` storage, scope-aware reads, and non-root write
   buffering. New concurrent foreach item writes are stored in
   `RunState.lineages`, while `ForeachBarrierState` keeps scheduling/result
-  metadata and compatibility patches. Current direct commits are still
-  root-frame-only via an explicit helper; native subgraph completion should
-  replace that shortcut with an explicit scope/lineage commit target.
+  metadata and compatibility patches. Scope-root commits now apply to both the
+  root workflow and prepared native child scopes through the explicit
+  scope/lineage commit helper.
 - **Persistent run history**: add a run store before adding stable `run_id`,
   `inspect_run`, or `read_run_trace(run_id, range)` APIs. Current traces are
   returned directly from immediate run responses.

docs/superpowers/plans/2026-05-25-native-subgraph-interrupt-resume.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# Native Subgraph Interrupt Resume Implementation Plan
+
+> **For agentic workers:** REQUIRED SUB-SKILL: Use superpowers:subagent-driven-development (recommended) or superpowers:executing-plans to implement this plan task-by-task. Steps use checkbox (`- [ ]`) syntax for tracking.
+
+**Goal:** Let a prepared native child workflow interrupt its parent run and later resume inside the original child scope.
+
+**Architecture:** Add a typed internal interrupt route that distinguishes the public parent-subgraph identity from the actual interrupted child frame. Make interrupt request/resume operations scope-aware, then have engine resume select the prepared child workflow and reducers before applying child resume bindings. The parent `SubgraphNode` remains blocked until the child reaches its ordinary terminal outcome.
+
+**Tech Stack:** Python 3.14, dataclasses, Pydantic workflow models, pytest, Ruff, basedpyright.
+
+---
+
+### Task 1: Child Interrupt Contract
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/wf_core/run_state.py`
+- Modify: `tests/core/test_subgraph_step.py`
+
+- [x] **Step 1: Write failing child interrupt/resume tests**
+
+Add a child workflow containing an `InterruptNode` followed by a node or terminal step. Execute it through a parent `SubgraphNode` and assert:
+
+```python
+assert run.status == RunStatus.INTERRUPTED
+assert run.interrupt is not None
+assert run.interrupt.node_id == "child"
+assert run.interrupt.payload["question"] == "confirm?"
+assert run.frames["root"].status == FrameStatus.BLOCKED
+
+resumed = resume_workflow(
+    parent,
+    run,
+    {},
+    resume_payload={"answer": "yes"},
+    subgraphs={"child.workflow": prepared_child},
+)
+assert resumed.status == RunStatus.COMPLETED
+assert resumed.output["answer"] == "yes"
+```
+
+- [x] **Step 2: Run tests and observe the existing explicit rejection**
+
+Run: `uv run pytest -q tests/core/test_subgraph_step.py`
+
+Expected: FAIL because child `InterruptNode` execution currently raises that child interrupts are unsupported.
+
+- [x] **Step 3: Add structural route state**
+
+Add `InterruptRoute` to `run_state.py` containing the interrupted child
+`frame_id`, `node_id`, `scope_id`, `lineage_id`, and `workflow_ref`. Add an
+optional `route` field to `InterruptRequest`; root interrupt requests continue
+to use `route=None`.
+
+### Task 2: Scope-Aware Interrupt Creation and Resume
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `src/wf_core/runtime/ops/handlers.py`
+- Modify: `src/wf_core/runtime/ops/interrupts.py`
+- Modify: `src/wf_core/runtime/preparation.py`
+- Modify: `src/wf_core/runtime/step.py`
+- Modify: `src/wf_core/runtime/engine.py`
+
+- [x] **Step 1: Permit child interrupts and build their payload from child scope**
+
+Remove the explicit child rejection. Build child interrupt request bindings
+from `state_view_for_frame(...)` and `scope_input_for_frame(...)`, not from the
+root compatibility dictionaries. For a non-root scope, find the owning parent
+subgraph frame for public identity and attach `InterruptRoute` for resume.
+
+- [x] **Step 2: Resume through the routed child workflow**
+
+When an interrupted request has `route`, restore the routed child as the
+current frame, resolve its `PreparedSubgraph`, build the child workflow index,
+and apply `resume` output bindings into the child scope using normal
+scope-aware patch commit logic. Root interrupts retain the existing path.
+
+- [x] **Step 3: Verify parent completion behavior**
+
+After child resume, scheduling must continue child execution first. Only after
+the child finishes may the blocked parent subgraph frame wake and map child
+output into parent state.
+
+### Task 3: Verification and Documentation
+
+**Files:**
+- Modify: `docs/wf_core_architecture.md`
+- Modify: `docs/current_roadmap.md`
+
+- [x] **Step 1: Update documented limitations**
+
+Document that prepared child interrupts now bubble and resume locally, while
+artifact/deployment resolution for nested children remains outside core.
+
+- [x] **Step 2: Run focused verification**
+
+Run:
+
+```powershell
+uv run pytest -q tests/core/test_subgraph_step.py tests/core/test_concurrent_foreach_interrupts.py
+uvx ruff check src/wf_core tests/core/test_subgraph_step.py tests/core/test_concurrent_foreach_interrupts.py
+uvx ruff format --check src/wf_core tests/core/test_subgraph_step.py tests/core/test_concurrent_foreach_interrupts.py
+uv run basedpyright --level error src/wf_core tests/core/test_subgraph_step.py tests/core/test_concurrent_foreach_interrupts.py
+```
+
+Expected: all commands exit successfully.

docs/superpowers/specs/2026-05-24-native-subgraphs-design.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Native Subgraphs Design
 
-Status: prepared-child execution implemented; interrupts/artifact resolution planned
+Status: prepared-child execution and interrupt resume implemented; artifact resolution planned
 
 Native subgraphs should make a workflow usable as a workflow step without
 collapsing the child run into one opaque Python node call. The current
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ collapsing the child run into one opaque Python node call. The current
 compatibility wrappers, but they hide the child trace, child frames, and child
 interrupt lifecycle from `wf_core`.
 
-This design defines the core runtime shape. The boundary model and
-non-interrupting prepared-child execution are implemented; interruption and
-saved-workflow resolution remain planned.
+This design defines the core runtime shape. The boundary model, prepared-child
+execution, and routed child interrupt resume are implemented; saved-workflow
+resolution remains planned.
 
 ## Goals
 
@@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ Runtime execution now accepts caller-supplied `PreparedSubgraph` dependencies
 for local workflow refs. It creates a child scope/lineage, schedules child
 frames in the parent run, retains child trace entries, and applies mapped
 output only at boundary completion. Saved artifact refs are not loaded by
-`wf_core`, and child interrupts fail explicitly until resume routing exists.
+`wf_core`. Prepared child interrupts bubble through a typed internal route and
+resume inside their original child scope.
 
 `WorkflowRef` should be structural, not a dotted string parser:
 
@@ -228,15 +229,16 @@ If a child frame reaches an `InterruptNode`:
 4. `RunState.interrupt` points to the child interrupt, with enough route data
    to resume into the child.
 
-The parent-facing interrupt request should include:
+The client-facing interrupt identity should remain the parent subgraph
+boundary: its frame/step identify the reusable graph node that asked for
+interaction, while `kind` and `payload` describe what the caller must supply.
+The runtime must separately retain the actual child route required for resume:
 
-- parent frame id
-- subgraph parent step id
+- parent frame id and subgraph parent step id for the public request identity
 - child workflow reference
-- child frame id
-- child interrupt node id
-- interrupt kind
-- payload
+- child scope and lineage ids
+- interrupted child frame id and interrupt node id
+- interrupt kind and payload
 
 Current `InterruptRequest` only has `id`, `frame_id`, `node_id`, `kind`,
 `payload`, and `resumable`. Native subgraphs need either:
@@ -245,9 +247,11 @@ Current `InterruptRequest` only has `id`, `frame_id`, `node_id`, `kind`,
   `lineage_id`, `parent_frame_id`, and `workflow_ref`, or
 - a typed nested route object, such as `InterruptRoute`.
 
-The preferred direction is explicit route structure. A generic metadata field
-would recreate the ad hoc frame metadata problem, while string parsing is
-exactly what the project has been moving away from.
+The preferred direction is a typed `InterruptRoute` stored by
+`InterruptRequest`. A generic metadata field would recreate the ad hoc frame
+metadata problem, while string parsing is exactly what the project has been
+moving away from. Root-workflow interrupts may omit the route and retain their
+existing direct frame/node identity.
 
 ## Resume Semantics
 
@@ -393,7 +397,7 @@ selection out of `wf_core`.
 - Artifact conversion helpers bridge saved workflow identities to core
   `WorkflowRef` values.
 
-### Completed Slice 1: Non-Interrupting Prepared Subgraph Runtime
+### Completed Slice 1: Prepared Subgraph Runtime
 
 - Local/prepared child `WorkflowRef` dependencies resolve through
   `PreparedSubgraph`; `wf_core` does not load saved artifacts.
@@ -404,9 +408,10 @@ selection out of `wf_core`.
   records the parent `subgraph` trace entry.
 - Child output maps to parent state through existing output binding machinery.
 - The parent step routes through the child's terminal workflow outcome.
-- Child interrupts reject explicitly until structural resume routing exists.
+- Child interrupts route structurally and preserve the blocked parent boundary
+  until the child resumes and completes.
 
-### Slice 2: Interrupt Bubbling and Resume
+### Completed Slice 2: Interrupt Bubbling and Resume
 
 - Extend `InterruptRequest` with explicit route structure.
 - Bubble child interrupts to the parent run.

docs/wf_core_architecture.md

@@ -131,29 +131,31 @@ limits and intended adapter seam.
   strategies beyond exact-path mergeable reducers.
 - Interrupt lifecycle is still node-level and run-state-level. Long-lived
   external subscriptions or notification streams need a separate lifecycle
-  design. Interrupt `request` and `resume` are canonical binding lists; nested
-  child-workflow resume is still future work.
+  design. Interrupt `request` and `resume` are canonical binding lists;
+  prepared child workflows retain a typed internal interrupt route so resume
+  continues in child scope while exposing the parent subgraph boundary to the
+  caller.
 - Native subgraphs use `SubgraphNode` plus caller-supplied `PreparedSubgraph`
   dependencies. A prepared local child executes through a child runtime scope
   and lineage; child output commits only through declared boundary bindings and
   the parent routes by the child's terminal workflow outcome. Saved/deployed
   workflow resolution remains outside core and is not implemented at this
   boundary yet.
-- Nested subgraph interruption is not first-class yet. The current
-  `wf_authoring` subgraph helpers wrap a child workflow as an ordinary sync or
-  async node and validate the child output; they do not preserve a child run
-  state that can interrupt, bubble to the parent, and later resume inside the
-  child. Native `SubgraphNode` preserves prepared-child execution and trace,
-  but rejects child interrupts until route-aware resume is implemented. See
-  `examples/authoring_workflow_as_node.py` for the wrapper-node shape.
-- Saved workflow-as-node execution with interrupts requires a core runtime
-  upgrade: nested run state, child-frame trace preservation, interrupt bubbling
-  with path metadata, and resume back into the child workflow.
+- The current `wf_authoring` wrapper helpers still run child workflows as
+  ordinary sync or async nodes and therefore do not preserve native child
+  state or resumable interrupts. Native `SubgraphNode` plus
+  `PreparedSubgraph` is the first-class path: prepared child interrupts now
+  bubble to the parent run and resume inside the original child scope. See
+  `examples/authoring_workflow_as_node.py` for the compatibility wrapper shape
+  and `examples/authoring_native_subgraph.py` for the native path.
+- Saved workflow-as-node execution with interrupts still requires platform
+  resolution of artifact/deployment references into prepared child
+  dependencies before core execution begins.
 - Frames are no longer only a serial execution stack: the runtime has a ready
   queue, `BLOCKED` frame state, lineage isolation, barrier merge semantics, and
   pending child results for concurrent foreach. Native prepared subgraphs now
-  use child-scope execution; saved/deployed child resolution and nested
-  interruption remain outstanding.
+  use child-scope execution and typed routed child interruption; saved/deployed
+  child resolution remains outstanding.
   Concurrent foreach is the primary current use case for async concurrent node
   handler execution.
 - Runtime errors are still ordinary exceptions plus failed run status. A richer

docs/workflow_artifacts.md

@@ -648,20 +648,22 @@ document, `WorkflowCapabilityRef` is the public callable capability name, and
 The first implementation should prefer artifact validation and dependency
 diagnostics before attempting persistent nested resume.
 
-Native subgraphs now have a core `SubgraphNode` placeholder. It validates the
+Native subgraphs now have a core `SubgraphNode` boundary. It validates the
 parent-side contract: child workflow reference, declared child input/output
-schemas, binding lists, and declared outcomes. Runtime execution is still not
-implemented; reaching a subgraph step raises a clear runtime error. The current
-`wf_authoring.subgraph_node` and `async_subgraph_node` helpers still execute a
-child workflow as a plain node and validate the child output. The async helper
-is explicit because hiding `asyncio.run()` inside the sync wrapper would break
-inside already-running event loops. Future saved-workflow-as-node execution
-needs a real child run state if child interrupts should pause the parent and
-later resume the child.
+schemas, binding lists, and declared outcomes. When callers resolve a local
+child into `PreparedSubgraph`, core executes it in child scope, preserves its
+trace, and can bubble and resume child interrupts without exposing child state
+as parent state. The current `wf_authoring.subgraph_node` and
+`async_subgraph_node` helpers still execute a child workflow as a plain node
+and validate the child output. The async helper is explicit because hiding
+`asyncio.run()` inside the sync wrapper would break inside already-running
+event loops. Saved workflow-as-node execution still needs platform-level
+artifact/deployment resolution into prepared children before core can run it.
 
-See `examples/authoring_workflow_as_node.py` for the current wrapper-node
-approach. In that example the parent trace sees one node call; the child
-workflow's internal trace is not embedded in the parent run state.
+See `examples/authoring_workflow_as_node.py` for the compatibility wrapper-node
+approach and `examples/authoring_native_subgraph.py` for native prepared-child
+execution. In the wrapper example the parent trace sees one node call; in the
+native example child trace entries remain in the parent run state.
 
 Until that core upgrade exists, artifact tooling must not assume that an
 interrupting saved workflow can safely be used as a child node. Top-level saved

src/wf_core/__init__.py

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ from .runtime import (
 from .run_state import (
     ExecutionFrame,
     FrameStatus,
+    InterruptRoute,
     InterruptRequest,
     RunState,
     RunStatus,
@@ -81,6 +82,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "RuntimeContext",
     "StepExecutionResult",
     "TraceEntry",
+    "InterruptRoute",
     "InterruptRequest",
     "START",
     "END",

src/wf_core/models/steps.py

@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ class SubgraphNode(BaseModel):
     """Workflow boundary step for native prepared-child execution.
 
     The runtime can execute an already-prepared local child graph through a
-    child scope/lineage and commit only its mapped boundary output. Resolving
-    saved artifacts and resuming child interrupts remain platform/runtime work.
+    child scope/lineage, bubble and resume child interrupts, and commit only
+    its mapped boundary output. Resolving saved artifacts remains platform work.
     """
 
     id: str

src/wf_core/run_state.py

@@ -119,6 +119,23 @@ class StepExecutionResult:
     state_changes: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
 
 
+@dataclass(slots=True)
+class InterruptRoute:
+    """Internal resume route for an interrupt raised below a graph boundary.
+
+    `InterruptRequest.frame_id` and `.node_id` may describe the public parent
+    subgraph boundary. This route retains the actual interrupted child frame so
+    resume can continue inside its original workflow scope.
+    """
+
+    frame_id: str
+    node_id: str
+    scope_id: str
+    lineage_id: str
+    parent_frame_id: str
+    workflow_ref: WorkflowRef
+
+
 @dataclass(slots=True)
 class InterruptRequest:
     id: str
@@ -127,6 +144,7 @@ class InterruptRequest:
     kind: str
     payload: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
     resumable: bool = True
+    route: InterruptRoute | None = None
 
 
 @dataclass(slots=True)

src/wf_core/runtime/engine.py

@@ -81,12 +81,17 @@ def resume_workflow(
     subgraphs: Mapping[str, PreparedSubgraph[NodeHandler]] | None = None,
 ) -> RunState:
     """Resume a synchronous run from its current state."""
+    interrupted_workflow, interrupted_reducers = _interrupt_resume_target(
+        workflow, reducers, run, subgraphs, resuming=resume_payload is not None
+    )
     index = prepare_resume(
         workflow,
         run,
         resume_payload=resume_payload,
         resume_outcome=resume_outcome,
         reducers=reducers,
+        interrupted_workflow=interrupted_workflow,
+        interrupted_reducers=interrupted_reducers,
     )
     if index is None:
         if run.current_node_id == END:
@@ -128,12 +133,17 @@ async def resume_workflow_async(
     subgraphs: Mapping[str, PreparedSubgraph[AsyncNodeHandler]] | None = None,
 ) -> RunState:
     """Resume an async run from its current state."""
+    interrupted_workflow, interrupted_reducers = _interrupt_resume_target(
+        workflow, reducers, run, subgraphs, resuming=resume_payload is not None
+    )
     index = prepare_resume(
         workflow,
         run,
         resume_payload=resume_payload,
         resume_outcome=resume_outcome,
         reducers=reducers,
+        interrupted_workflow=interrupted_workflow,
+        interrupted_reducers=interrupted_reducers,
     )
     if index is None:
         if run.current_node_id == END:
@@ -164,6 +174,21 @@ async def resume_workflow_async(
     return finalize_run(workflow, run)
 
 
+def _interrupt_resume_target(
+    root_workflow: Workflow,
+    root_reducers: Mapping[str, ReducerDefinition] | None,
+    run: RunState,
+    subgraphs: Mapping[str, PreparedSubgraph[Any]] | None,
+    *,
+    resuming: bool,
+) -> tuple[Workflow | None, Mapping[str, ReducerDefinition] | None]:
+    """Resolve the workflow that owns an outstanding routed child interrupt."""
+    if not resuming or run.interrupt is None or run.interrupt.route is None:
+        return None, root_reducers
+    child = resolve_prepared_subgraph(run.interrupt.route.workflow_ref, subgraphs)
+    return child.workflow, child.reducers
+
+
 def _sync_execution_target(
     root_workflow: Workflow,
     root_registry: Mapping[str, NodeHandler],

src/wf_core/runtime/ops/handlers.py

@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from wf_core.conditions import eval_condition
+from wf_core.errors import WorkflowExecutionError
 from wf_core.models.steps import ConditionNode, InterruptNode
-from wf_core.run_state import FrameStatus, RunState, RunStatus, StepExecutionResult
+from wf_core.run_state import (
+    ROOT_SCOPE_ID,
+    ExecutionFrame,
+    FrameStatus,
+    InterruptRoute,
+    RunState,
+    RunStatus,
+    StepExecutionResult,
+)
 from wf_core.runtime.lineage import scope_input_for_frame
 from wf_core.runtime.ops.flow import append_trace
 from wf_core.runtime.ops.frames import frame_context_values
@@ -44,12 +53,32 @@ def handle_interrupt_step(
     step: InterruptNode,
 ) -> RunState:
     frame = run.current_frame()
+    public_frame = frame
+    route = None
+    if frame.scope_id != ROOT_SCOPE_ID:
+        public_frame = _owning_subgraph_frame(run, frame)
+        scope = run.scopes.get(frame.scope_id)
+        if scope is None or scope.workflow_ref is None:
+            raise WorkflowExecutionError(
+                f"child interrupt frame {frame.id!r} has no workflow scope"
+            )
+        route = InterruptRoute(
+            frame_id=frame.id,
+            node_id=frame.node_id,
+            scope_id=frame.scope_id,
+            lineage_id=frame.lineage_id,
+            parent_frame_id=public_frame.id,
+            workflow_ref=scope.workflow_ref,
+        )
     interrupt_request = build_interrupt_request(
         step,
         frame_id=frame.id,
-        state=run.state,
-        workflow_input=run.workflow_input,
+        state=state_view_for_frame(run, frame),
+        workflow_input=scope_input_for_frame(run, frame),
         context=frame_context_values(frame),
+        public_frame_id=public_frame.id,
+        public_node_id=public_frame.node_id,
+        route=route,
     )
     run.interrupt = interrupt_request
     run.status = RunStatus.INTERRUPTED
@@ -66,3 +95,21 @@ def handle_interrupt_step(
         state_changes={},
     )
     return run
+
+
+def _owning_subgraph_frame(run: RunState, frame: ExecutionFrame) -> ExecutionFrame:
+    """Return the graph-boundary frame that owns one child-scope interrupt."""
+    cursor = frame
+    while cursor.parent_frame_id is not None:
+        parent = run.frames.get(cursor.parent_frame_id)
+        if parent is None:
+            raise WorkflowExecutionError(
+                f"child interrupt frame {frame.id!r} references missing parent "
+                f"{cursor.parent_frame_id!r}"
+            )
+        if parent.scope_id != frame.scope_id:
+            return parent
+        cursor = parent
+    raise WorkflowExecutionError(
+        f"child interrupt frame {frame.id!r} has no parent subgraph"
+    )

src/wf_core/runtime/ops/interrupts.py

@@ -8,11 +8,19 @@ from wf_core.errors import WorkflowExecutionError
 from wf_core.local_paths import LocalPathError, set_local_value
 from wf_core.models.steps import InputPathBinding, InputValueBinding, InterruptNode
 from wf_core.models.workflow import Workflow
-from wf_core.run_state import InterruptRequest, RunState, StepExecutionResult
+from wf_core.run_state import (
+    FrameStatus,
+    InterruptRequest,
+    InterruptRoute,
+    RunState,
+    StepExecutionResult,
+)
+from wf_core.runtime.lineage import commit_patch_for_frame
 from wf_core.runtime.ops.flow import advance_frame, append_step_result_trace
 from wf_core.runtime.ops.index import WorkflowIndex
 from wf_core.runtime.ops.merges import ReducerDefinition
-from wf_core.runtime.ops.state import apply_output_bindings
+from wf_core.runtime.ops.overlays import state_view_for_frame
+from wf_core.runtime.ops.state import build_output_patch
 
 
 def build_interrupt_request(
@@ -22,6 +30,9 @@ def build_interrupt_request(
     state: dict[str, Any],
     workflow_input: dict[str, Any],
     context: dict[str, Any],
+    public_frame_id: str | None = None,
+    public_node_id: str | None = None,
+    route: InterruptRoute | None = None,
 ) -> InterruptRequest:
     payload: dict[str, Any] = {}
     for binding in node.request:
@@ -43,11 +54,12 @@ def build_interrupt_request(
         except LocalPathError as exc:
             raise WorkflowExecutionError(str(exc)) from exc
     return InterruptRequest(
-        id=f"interrupt:{node.id}",
-        frame_id=frame_id,
-        node_id=node.id,
+        id=f"interrupt:{public_node_id or node.id}",
+        frame_id=public_frame_id or frame_id,
+        node_id=public_node_id or node.id,
         kind=node.kind,
         payload=payload,
+        route=route,
     )
 
 
@@ -60,14 +72,28 @@ def resume_interrupt(
     resume_outcome: str,
     reducers: Mapping[str, ReducerDefinition] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
-    if run.current_frame_id is None:
-        raise WorkflowExecutionError("interrupted run has no current frame")
-    if run.current_node_id is None:
-        raise WorkflowExecutionError("interrupted run has no current node")
     if run.interrupt is None:
         raise WorkflowExecutionError("run is interrupted but has no interrupt request")
 
-    frame = run.current_frame()
+    route = run.interrupt.route
+    if route is not None:
+        frame = run.frames.get(route.frame_id)
+        if (
+            frame is None
+            or frame.scope_id != route.scope_id
+            or frame.lineage_id != route.lineage_id
+            or frame.node_id != route.node_id
+            or frame.status != FrameStatus.INTERRUPTED
+        ):
+            raise WorkflowExecutionError("child interrupt route is no longer resumable")
+        run.current_frame_id = frame.id
+        run.sync_from_current_frame()
+    else:
+        if run.current_frame_id is None:
+            raise WorkflowExecutionError("interrupted run has no current frame")
+        if run.current_node_id is None:
+            raise WorkflowExecutionError("interrupted run has no current node")
+        frame = run.current_frame()
     step = index.nodes_by_id[frame.node_id]
     if not isinstance(step, InterruptNode):
         raise WorkflowExecutionError(
@@ -78,14 +104,15 @@ def resume_interrupt(
             f"interrupt node {step.id!r} does not declare resume outcome {resume_outcome!r}"
         )
 
-    state_changes = apply_output_bindings(
+    patch = build_output_patch(
         workflow,
         step.resume,
         resume_payload,
-        run.state,
+        state_view_for_frame(run, frame),
         reducers=reducers,
         missing_field_message="interrupt resume payload is missing required field {field}",
     )
+    state_changes = commit_patch_for_frame(run, frame, patch)
     next_node_id = index.next_node_id(frame.node_id, resume_outcome)
     append_step_result_trace(
         run,

src/wf_core/runtime/preparation.py

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ def prepare_resume(
     resume_payload: dict[str, Any] | None,
     resume_outcome: str,
     reducers: Mapping[str, ReducerDefinition] | None = None,
+    interrupted_workflow: Workflow | None = None,
+    interrupted_reducers: Mapping[str, ReducerDefinition] | None = None,
 ) -> WorkflowIndex | None:
     """Validate and normalize a run state before resume execution."""
     if run.workflow_name != workflow.name:
@@ -55,13 +57,21 @@ def prepare_resume(
     if run.status == RunStatus.INTERRUPTED:
         if resume_payload is None:
             return None
+        resume_workflow = interrupted_workflow or workflow
+        resume_index = (
+            index
+            if resume_workflow is workflow
+            else build_workflow_index(resume_workflow)
+        )
         resume_interrupt(
-            workflow,
+            resume_workflow,
             run,
-            index=index,
+            index=resume_index,
             resume_payload=resume_payload,
             resume_outcome=resume_outcome,
-            reducers=reducers,
+            reducers=(
+                reducers if interrupted_workflow is None else interrupted_reducers
+            ),
         )
         if run.current_frame_id is not None:
             frame = run.current_frame()

src/wf_core/runtime/step.py

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ from wf_core.runtime.scheduler import (
 )
 from wf_core.runtime.subgraphs import PreparedSubgraph, step_subgraph
 from wf_core.run_state import ExecutionFrame, FrameStatus, RunState, StepExecutionResult
-from wf_core.run_state import ROOT_SCOPE_ID
 from wf_core.tokens import END
 
 from .preparation import prepare_step
@@ -155,10 +154,6 @@ def step_workflow(
             outcome=step.outcome,
         )
     elif isinstance(step, InterruptNode):
-        if frame.kind == "subgraph_root" or frame.scope_id != ROOT_SCOPE_ID:
-            raise WorkflowExecutionError(
-                "child interrupts are not supported until native subgraph resume routing exists"
-            )
         return handle_interrupt_step(run, step)
     elif isinstance(step, ForeachNode):
         return step_foreach(workflow, run, step, index, reducers=reducers)
@@ -271,10 +266,6 @@ async def step_workflow_async(
             outcome=step.outcome,
         )
     elif isinstance(step, InterruptNode):
-        if frame.kind == "subgraph_root" or frame.scope_id != ROOT_SCOPE_ID:
-            raise WorkflowExecutionError(
-                "child interrupts are not supported until native subgraph resume routing exists"
-            )
         return handle_interrupt_step(run, step)
     elif isinstance(step, ForeachNode):
         return step_foreach(workflow, run, step, index, reducers=reducers)

tests/core/test_subgraph_step.py

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ from wf_core import (
     WorkflowExecutionError,
     execute_workflow_async,
     execute_workflow,
+    resume_workflow_async,
+    resume_workflow,
 )
 from wf_core.validation.issues import ValidationIssueCode
 from wf_core.models.steps import Step
@@ -194,28 +196,70 @@ def test_subgraph_step_routes_through_child_terminal_outcome() -> None:
     )
 
 
-def test_subgraph_step_rejects_child_interrupt_until_resume_route_exists() -> None:
-    child = Workflow(
-        name="child.workflow",
-        input_schema=_schema({"text": {"type": "string"}}),
-        state_schema=StateSchema.from_field_map({}),
-        output_schema=_schema({}),
-        start="ask",
-        nodes=[
-            InterruptNode.model_validate(
-                {"id": "ask", "type": "interrupt", "kind": "input"}
-            )
-        ],
-        edges=[Edge.model_validate({"from": "ask", "outcome": "submitted", "to": END})],
+def test_subgraph_step_interrupts_and_resumes_inside_prepared_child() -> None:
+    child = _interrupting_child_workflow()
+    parent = _workflow(
+        node=_subgraph_node(input_bindings=[{"target": "text", "value": "child-only"}]),
+        output_schema=_schema({"answer": {"type": "string"}}),
+    )
+    prepared = PreparedSubgraph(workflow=child, registry={})
+
+    run = execute_workflow(
+        parent,
+        {"text": "hello"},
+        {},
+        subgraphs={"child.workflow": prepared},
     )
 
-    with pytest.raises(WorkflowExecutionError, match="child interrupts"):
-        execute_workflow(
-            _workflow(),
+    assert run.status == "interrupted"
+    assert run.interrupt is not None
+    assert run.interrupt.node_id == "child"
+    assert run.interrupt.payload["question"] == "child-only"
+    assert run.interrupt.route is not None
+    assert run.interrupt.route.node_id == "ask"
+    assert run.frames["root"].status == "blocked"
+
+    paused = resume_workflow(parent, run, {})
+
+    assert paused.status == "interrupted"
+    assert paused.interrupt is not None
+
+    resumed = resume_workflow(
+        parent,
+        run,
+        {},
+        resume_payload={"answer": "yes"},
+        subgraphs={"child.workflow": prepared},
+    )
+
+    assert resumed.status == "completed"
+    assert resumed.output["answer"] == "yes"
+    assert resumed.state["answer"] == "yes"
+
+
+def test_subgraph_step_resumes_interrupted_async_prepared_child() -> None:
+    async def run_child() -> RunState:
+        child = _interrupting_child_workflow()
+        parent = _workflow(output_schema=_schema({"answer": {"type": "string"}}))
+        prepared = PreparedSubgraph(workflow=child, registry={})
+        run = await execute_workflow_async(
+            parent,
             {"text": "hello"},
             {},
-            subgraphs={"child.workflow": PreparedSubgraph(workflow=child, registry={})},
+            subgraphs={"child.workflow": prepared},
         )
+        return await resume_workflow_async(
+            parent,
+            run,
+            {},
+            resume_payload={"answer": "async yes"},
+            subgraphs={"child.workflow": prepared},
+        )
+
+    resumed = asyncio.run(run_child())
+
+    assert resumed.status == "completed"
+    assert resumed.output["answer"] == "async yes"
 
 
 def _workflow(
@@ -299,5 +343,27 @@ def _child_workflow(
     )
 
 
+def _interrupting_child_workflow() -> Workflow:
+    return Workflow(
+        name="child.workflow",
+        input_schema=_schema({"text": {"type": "string"}}),
+        state_schema=StateSchema.from_field_map({"answer": StateField(type="string")}),
+        output_schema=_schema({"answer": {"type": "string"}}),
+        start="ask",
+        nodes=[
+            InterruptNode.model_validate(
+                {
+                    "id": "ask",
+                    "type": "interrupt",
+                    "kind": "input",
+                    "request": [{"target": "question", "path": "input.text"}],
+                    "resume": [{"source": "answer", "target": "state.answer"}],
+                }
+            )
+        ],
+        edges=[Edge.model_validate({"from": "ask", "outcome": "submitted", "to": END})],
+    )
+
+
 def _schema(properties: dict[str, object]) -> SchemaRef:
     return SchemaRef.model_validate({"type": "object", "properties": properties})