diff --git a/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/mod.rs b/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/mod.rs
index a0be3f9..502bf8e 100644
--- a/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/mod.rs
+++ b/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/mod.rs
@@ -4,17 +4,16 @@ use axum::Json;
 use axum::extract::{Query, State};
 use axum::http::StatusCode;
 use axum::response::IntoResponse;
-use futures_util::StreamExt;
-use tracing::{Instrument, info, warn};
-use wakey_agent::protocol::{AgentCommand, InventoryRequest};
+use tracing::warn;
 
 use crate::api::ApiError;
-use crate::api::commands::{RelayCommandResponse, relay_agent_command};
 use crate::runtime::AppState;
 
 mod build;
+mod refresh;
 mod types;
 mod wake;
+pub use refresh::refresh_fleet_devices;
 pub use wake::wake_fleet_device;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -24,10 +23,7 @@ use build::{
     AgentRuntimeStatus, FleetBuildContext, build_fleet_devices, filter_fleet_devices,
     known_device_summary,
 };
-use types::{
-    FleetDevice, ListFleetDevicesQuery, RefreshFleetAgentResult, RefreshFleetDevicesRequest,
-    RefreshFleetDevicesResponse,
-};
+use types::{FleetDevice, ListFleetDevicesQuery};
 
 pub(crate) type FleetCache =
     crate::runtime::view_cache::ViewCache<(u64, BTreeSet<String>), Vec<FleetDevice>>;
@@ -80,8 +76,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn sample_fleet_counts(
     Err(crate::runtime::view_cache::RebuildLimit.into())
 }
 
-const REFRESH_CONCURRENCY: usize = 8;
-
 fn fleet_error(err: anyhow::Error, fallback_code: &str) -> ApiError {
     if err.is::<crate::runtime::view_cache::RebuildLimit>() {
         return ApiError::new(
@@ -111,146 +105,6 @@ pub async fn list_fleet_devices(
     }
 }
 
-#[tracing::instrument(name = "fleet_refresh", skip_all, fields(agents = tracing::field::Empty, succeeded = tracing::field::Empty, failed = tracing::field::Empty, accepted = tracing::field::Empty))]
-pub async fn refresh_fleet_devices(
-    State(state): State<AppState>,
-    Json(req): Json<RefreshFleetDevicesRequest>,
-) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
-    let agent_ids = if req.agent_ids.is_empty() {
-        let sessions = state.sessions.read().await;
-        sessions.keys().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    } else {
-        req.agent_ids.clone()
-    };
-    let agent_ids = normalize_refresh_agent_ids(agent_ids);
-    tracing::Span::current().record("agents", agent_ids.len());
-
-    let results = futures_util::stream::iter(agent_ids.into_iter().map(|agent_id| {
-        let state = state.clone();
-        // Each concurrent future carries its own span through relay and storage.
-        let span = tracing::info_span!("fleet_refresh_agent", agent_id = %agent_id, outcome = tracing::field::Empty, accepted = tracing::field::Empty);
-        async move {
-            let response = relay_agent_command(
-                &state,
-                &agent_id,
-                AgentCommand::Inventory(InventoryRequest {
-                    query: None,
-                    name: None,
-                    ips: Vec::new(),
-                    devs: Vec::new(),
-                    nuds: Vec::new(),
-                    macs: Vec::new(),
-                }),
-                req.timeout_ms,
-            )
-            .await;
-            let result = refresh_fleet_agent_result(&state, &agent_id, response).await;
-            tracing::Span::current().record("outcome", result.status.as_str());
-            tracing::Span::current().record("accepted", result.accepted);
-            if result.status != "ok" {
-                // The response retains diagnostic detail; do not export payloads.
-                warn!("fleet agent refresh failed");
-            }
-            result
-        }
-        .instrument(span)
-    }))
-    .buffer_unordered(REFRESH_CONCURRENCY)
-    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    .await;
-
-    let mut results = results;
-    results.sort_by(|a, b| a.agent_id.cmp(&b.agent_id));
-    let total_accepted = results.iter().map(|result| result.accepted).sum::<usize>();
-    let succeeded = results
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|result| result.status == "ok")
-        .count();
-    let span = tracing::Span::current();
-    span.record("succeeded", succeeded);
-    span.record("failed", results.len() - succeeded);
-    span.record("accepted", total_accepted);
-    info!("fleet refresh completed");
-
-    Ok((
-        StatusCode::OK,
-        Json(RefreshFleetDevicesResponse {
-            total_accepted,
-            agents: results,
-        }),
-    ))
-}
-
-fn normalize_refresh_agent_ids(mut agent_ids: Vec<String>) -> Vec<String> {
-    agent_ids.sort();
-    agent_ids.dedup();
-    agent_ids
-}
-
-async fn refresh_fleet_agent_result(
-    state: &AppState,
-    agent_id: &str,
-    response: Result<RelayCommandResponse, ApiError>,
-) -> RefreshFleetAgentResult {
-    match response {
-        Ok(response) if response.status == "ok" => {
-            let Some(result) = response.result else {
-                return RefreshFleetAgentResult {
-                    agent_id: agent_id.to_string(),
-                    status: "error".into(),
-                    accepted: 0,
-                    error: Some("inventory command returned no result".into()),
-                };
-            };
-            match serde_json::from_value::<wakey_core::DeviceInventory>(result)
-                .map(|inventory| inventory.devices)
-            {
-                Ok(devices) => {
-                    match state
-                        .store
-                        .replace_agent_device_snapshot(agent_id, &devices)
-                        .await
-                    {
-                        Ok(accepted) => RefreshFleetAgentResult {
-                            agent_id: agent_id.to_string(),
-                            status: "ok".into(),
-                            accepted,
-                            error: None,
-                        },
-                        Err(err) => RefreshFleetAgentResult {
-                            agent_id: agent_id.to_string(),
-                            status: "error".into(),
-                            accepted: 0,
-                            error: Some(err.to_string()),
-                        },
-                    }
-                }
-                Err(err) => RefreshFleetAgentResult {
-                    agent_id: agent_id.to_string(),
-                    status: "error".into(),
-                    accepted: 0,
-                    error: Some(err.to_string()),
-                },
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(response) => RefreshFleetAgentResult {
-            agent_id: agent_id.to_string(),
-            status: "error".into(),
-            accepted: 0,
-            error: response
-                .error
-                .map(|error| error.message)
-                .or_else(|| Some("inventory command failed".into())),
-        },
-        Err(err) => RefreshFleetAgentResult {
-            agent_id: agent_id.to_string(),
-            status: "error".into(),
-            accepted: 0,
-            error: Some(format!("{}: {}", err.status, err.message)),
-        },
-    }
-}
-
 #[tracing::instrument(name = "fleet_load", skip_all, fields(grouped = tracing::field::Empty, filtered = tracing::field::Empty, returned = tracing::field::Empty))]
 async fn load_fleet_devices(
     state: &AppState,
diff --git a/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/refresh.rs b/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/refresh.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ae69de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/refresh.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+//! Refresh agents independently: one failed relay or snapshot does not cancel others.
+
+use axum::{Json, extract::State, http::StatusCode, response::IntoResponse};
+use futures_util::StreamExt;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+use wakey_agent::protocol::{AgentCommand, InventoryRequest};
+
+use super::types::{
+    RefreshFleetAgentResult, RefreshFleetDevicesRequest, RefreshFleetDevicesResponse,
+};
+use crate::api::{
+    ApiError,
+    commands::{RelayCommandResponse, relay_agent_command},
+};
+use crate::runtime::AppState;
+use crate::state::Store;
+
+const REFRESH_CONCURRENCY: usize = 8;
+
+#[tracing::instrument(name = "fleet_refresh", skip_all, fields(agents = tracing::field::Empty, succeeded = tracing::field::Empty, failed = tracing::field::Empty, accepted = tracing::field::Empty))]
+pub async fn refresh_fleet_devices(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Json(req): Json<RefreshFleetDevicesRequest>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let agent_ids = select_agents(&state, req.agent_ids).await;
+    tracing::Span::current().record("agents", agent_ids.len());
+    let results = futures_util::stream::iter(
+        agent_ids
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|agent_id| refresh_agent(&state, agent_id, req.timeout_ms)),
+    )
+    .buffer_unordered(REFRESH_CONCURRENCY)
+    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    .await;
+    let response = summarize(results);
+    let succeeded = response
+        .agents
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|result| result.status == "ok")
+        .count();
+    let span = tracing::Span::current();
+    span.record("succeeded", succeeded);
+    span.record("failed", response.agents.len() - succeeded);
+    span.record("accepted", response.total_accepted);
+    info!("fleet refresh completed");
+    Ok((StatusCode::OK, Json(response)))
+}
+
+/// Default to a point-in-time connected set. Explicit IDs remain eligible so
+/// the relay can report disconnected agents as per-agent errors, not omit them.
+async fn select_agents(state: &AppState, requested: Vec<String>) -> Vec<String> {
+    let ids = if requested.is_empty() {
+        state.sessions.read().await.keys().cloned().collect()
+    } else {
+        requested
+    };
+    normalize_refresh_agent_ids(ids)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn normalize_refresh_agent_ids(mut agent_ids: Vec<String>) -> Vec<String> {
+    agent_ids.sort();
+    agent_ids.dedup();
+    agent_ids
+}
+
+#[tracing::instrument(name = "fleet_refresh_agent", skip_all, fields(agent_id = %agent_id, outcome = tracing::field::Empty, accepted = tracing::field::Empty))]
+async fn refresh_agent(
+    state: &AppState,
+    agent_id: String,
+    timeout_ms: Option<u64>,
+) -> RefreshFleetAgentResult {
+    let response = relay_agent_command(
+        state,
+        &agent_id,
+        AgentCommand::Inventory(InventoryRequest {
+            query: None,
+            name: None,
+            ips: Vec::new(),
+            devs: Vec::new(),
+            nuds: Vec::new(),
+            macs: Vec::new(),
+        }),
+        timeout_ms,
+    )
+    .await;
+    let result = store_inventory(&state.store, &agent_id, response).await;
+    tracing::Span::current().record("outcome", result.status.as_str());
+    tracing::Span::current().record("accepted", result.accepted);
+    if result.status != "ok" {
+        // The response retains diagnostic detail; do not export payloads.
+        warn!("fleet agent refresh failed");
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Validate the relay result before replacing anything. An empty *valid*
+/// inventory is still a complete snapshot and intentionally clears old rows.
+fn decode_inventory(
+    response: Result<RelayCommandResponse, ApiError>,
+) -> Result<wakey_core::DeviceInventory, String> {
+    let response = response.map_err(|err| format!("{}: {}", err.status, err.message))?;
+    if response.status != "ok" {
+        return Err(response
+            .error
+            .map(|error| error.message)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "inventory command failed".into()));
+    }
+    let result = response
+        .result
+        .ok_or_else(|| "inventory command returned no result".to_string())?;
+    serde_json::from_value(result).map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+}
+
+async fn store_inventory(
+    store: &Store,
+    agent_id: &str,
+    response: Result<RelayCommandResponse, ApiError>,
+) -> RefreshFleetAgentResult {
+    let accepted = async {
+        let inventory = decode_inventory(response)?;
+        store
+            .replace_agent_device_snapshot(agent_id, &inventory.devices)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+    }
+    .await;
+    match accepted {
+        Ok(accepted) => RefreshFleetAgentResult {
+            agent_id: agent_id.into(),
+            status: "ok".into(),
+            accepted,
+            error: None,
+        },
+        Err(error) => RefreshFleetAgentResult {
+            agent_id: agent_id.into(),
+            status: "error".into(),
+            accepted: 0,
+            error: Some(error),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// Concurrent completion order is deliberately not part of the response contract.
+fn summarize(mut agents: Vec<RefreshFleetAgentResult>) -> RefreshFleetDevicesResponse {
+    agents.sort_by(|a, b| a.agent_id.cmp(&b.agent_id));
+    RefreshFleetDevicesResponse {
+        total_accepted: agents.iter().map(|result| result.accepted).sum(),
+        agents,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    fn response(result: Option<serde_json::Value>) -> RelayCommandResponse {
+        RelayCommandResponse {
+            request_id: "refresh-test".into(),
+            status: "ok".into(),
+            result,
+            error: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decode_keeps_relay_and_payload_failures_distinct() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            decode_inventory(Ok(response(None))).unwrap_err(),
+            "inventory command returned no result"
+        );
+        assert!(decode_inventory(Ok(response(Some(json!({"devices": "invalid"}))))).is_err());
+        let mut failed = response(Some(json!({"devices": []})));
+        failed.status = "error".into();
+        assert_eq!(
+            decode_inventory(Ok(failed)).unwrap_err(),
+            "inventory command failed"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            decode_inventory(Err(ApiError::new(
+                StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
+                "agent_not_connected",
+                "agent is not connected"
+            )))
+            .unwrap_err(),
+            "404 Not Found: agent is not connected"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            decode_inventory(Ok(response(Some(json!({"devices": []})))))
+                .unwrap()
+                .devices
+                .is_empty()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn summary_keeps_partial_failures_and_sorts_by_agent() {
+        let result = summarize(vec![
+            RefreshFleetAgentResult {
+                agent_id: "z".into(),
+                status: "ok".into(),
+                accepted: 2,
+                error: None,
+            },
+            RefreshFleetAgentResult {
+                agent_id: "b".into(),
+                status: "error".into(),
+                accepted: 0,
+                error: Some("disconnected".into()),
+            },
+            RefreshFleetAgentResult {
+                agent_id: "a".into(),
+                status: "ok".into(),
+                accepted: 3,
+                error: None,
+            },
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(result.total_accepted, 5);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result
+                .agents
+                .iter()
+                .map(|row| row.agent_id.as_str())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            ["a", "b", "z"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(result.agents[1].error.as_deref(), Some("disconnected"));
+        assert!(summarize(vec![]).agents.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn handler_reports_explicit_disconnected_agents_without_omitting_them() {
+        use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+        use tokio::sync::{Mutex, RwLock};
+
+        let dir =
+            std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("wakey-refresh-handler-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4()));
+        let state = AppState {
+            store: Arc::new(
+                Store::load_or_init(&dir.join("state.sqlite3"), vec![], Duration::from_secs(60))
+                    .await
+                    .unwrap(),
+            ),
+            sessions: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
+            pending: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
+            public_url: "http://localhost".into(),
+            command_timeout: Duration::from_secs(30),
+            enroll_token_ttl: Duration::from_secs(60),
+            terminals: crate::runtime::terminals::TerminalRegistry::new(),
+            alerts: crate::api::AlertsHub::new(),
+            fleet: Arc::new(super::super::FleetCache::default()),
+        };
+        assert!(select_agents(&state, vec![]).await.is_empty());
+        let response = refresh_fleet_devices(
+            State(state.clone()),
+            Json(RefreshFleetDevicesRequest {
+                agent_ids: vec!["missing-b".into(), "missing-a".into(), "missing-b".into()],
+                timeout_ms: None,
+            }),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+        .into_response();
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+        let body = axum::body::to_bytes(response.into_body(), 4096)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let result: RefreshFleetDevicesResponse = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.total_accepted, 0);
+        assert_eq!(result.agents.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(result.agents[0].agent_id, "missing-a");
+        assert_eq!(result.agents[1].agent_id, "missing-b");
+        for agent in result.agents {
+            assert_eq!(agent.status, "error");
+            assert_eq!(agent.accepted, 0);
+            assert_eq!(
+                agent.error.as_deref(),
+                Some("404 Not Found: agent is not connected")
+            );
+        }
+        assert!(state.pending.lock().await.is_empty());
+        drop(state);
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn refresh_stores_snapshots_but_invalid_results_leave_them_untouched() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("wakey-refresh-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4()));
+        let store = Store::load_or_init(
+            &dir.join("state.sqlite3"),
+            vec![],
+            std::time::Duration::from_secs(60),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+        let device = wakey_core::Device::from_parts(
+            vec![wakey_core::NeighborEntry {
+                ip: "192.168.1.10".parse().unwrap(),
+                mac: Some("aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:01".parse().unwrap()),
+                dev: Some("br-lan".into()),
+                state: wakey_core::NeighborState::Reachable,
+            }],
+            vec![],
+        );
+        let inventory = serde_json::to_value(wakey_core::DeviceInventory {
+            devices: vec![device],
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let stored = store_inventory(&store, "agent", Ok(response(Some(inventory)))).await;
+        assert_eq!(stored.status, "ok");
+        assert_eq!(stored.accepted, 1);
+        let revision = store.fleet_revision();
+        let invalid = store_inventory(&store, "agent", Ok(response(None))).await;
+        assert_eq!(invalid.status, "error");
+        assert_eq!(invalid.accepted, 0);
+        assert_eq!(store.fleet_revision(), revision);
+        let rows = store
+            .list_agent_device_rows_for_agent("agent")
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(rows.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(rows[0].endpoints.len(), 1);
+        let empty =
+            store_inventory(&store, "agent", Ok(response(Some(json!({"devices": []}))))).await;
+        assert_eq!(empty.status, "ok");
+        assert_eq!(empty.accepted, 0);
+        assert!(
+            store
+                .list_agent_device_rows_for_agent("agent")
+                .await
+                .unwrap()
+                .is_empty()
+        );
+        drop(store);
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/tests.rs b/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/tests.rs
index d703d75..8265616 100644
--- a/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/tests.rs
+++ b/wakey-control-plane/src/api/control/fleet/tests.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use super::build::{
     AgentRuntimeStatus, FleetBuildContext, build_fleet_devices, filter_fleet_devices,
     known_device_summary,
 };
-use super::normalize_refresh_agent_ids;
+use super::refresh::normalize_refresh_agent_ids;
 use super::types::ListFleetDevicesQuery;
 use crate::state::{AgentDeviceRow, AgentDeviceWithChildren, DeviceIdentifier, KnownDevice};